Systematization of a 256-bit lightweight block cipher Marvin

In a world heavily loaded by information, there is a great need for keeping specific information secure from adversaries. The rapid growth in the research field of lightweight cryptography can be seen from the list of the number of lightweight stream as well as block ciphers that has been proposed in the recent years. This paper focuses only on the subject of lightweight block ciphers. In this paper, we have proposed a new 256 bit lightweight block cipher named as Marvin, that belongs to the family of Extended LS designs.Comment: 12 pages,6 figure

EDIBLE VACCINES: FUTURE AND ITS PROSPECTS

Vaccines were the result of trial and error research until molecular biology and genetic engineering made possible the creation of many new and improved vaccines. New vaccines need to be inexpensive, easily administered, and capable of being stored and transported without refrigeration; without these characteristics, developing countries find it difficult to adopt vaccination as the central strategy for preventing their most devastating diseases. Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio culturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. Plants are capable of producing recombinant antigens that undergo similar post translational modifications as their mammalian-derived counterparts and in contrast to bacterial expression systems

DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS: IDENTIFICATION, DIAGNOSIS AND CURE

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a fairly common complication of diabetes. There are two forms: neuropathic ulcers and ischemic ulcers, although most DFUs are a mixture of both. Neuropathic Diabetic Foot Ulcers may come about because high blood sugar levels damage the nerves in your legs (called peripheral neuropathy). This means you are less likely to feel when you have injured your foot. The injury may be something as small and insignificant as a blister or a cut from walking with a stone in your shoe. If you cant feel the pain, then you do not know the injury is there and wont protect it and avoid walking on it. This makes it hard for the wound to heal. People with diabetes often suffer from poor blood circulation, especially to the legs (as part of a wider circulation problem called peripheral vascular disease). This means that it takes longer for your foot wounds to heal than for people with normal blood flow. This is Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcer. If a wound cannot heal, it is called an ulcer and it can become very serious. A diabetic foot ulcer presents a perfect way for germs and infection to enter your body. Infection can spread via the blood stream and enter into your bones. When this happens, the best, although drastic, action is to amputate the affected limb to stop gangrene spreading throughout your body. In the US and the UK, around half of all amputations are related to diabetes. Around half of people who have a leg amputated due to diabetes die within 5 years of the operation. This wouldnt need to happen if we had better foot care. Diabetic foot ulcer is one of the long standing complications of diabetic mellitus with the life time risk up to 25%. Many of the etiological factors contributing to the formation of diabetic foot ulceration may be identified using simple, inexpensive equipment in a clinical setting. Appropriate wound care for diabetic patients addresses these issues and provides optimal local ulcer therapy with debridement of necrotic tissue and provision of a moist wound-healing environment. The pathogenesis of foot ulceration is complex, clinical presentation variable, and management requires early expert assessment. Interventions should be directed at infection, peripheral ischemia and abnormal pressure loading caused by peripheral neuropathy and limited joint mobility

Editorial: Global excellence in inflammation pharmacology

In our day-to-day life, acute inflammation occurs commonly as a part of the body’s regular healing process post an injury or infection and is usually short term in nature. The problem arises when this inflammation becomes chronic, due to the failure in resolving itself, leading to a spectrum of diseases which explicitly contributes to more than 50% of worldwide mortality (GBD, 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, 2018; Furman et al., 2019) Thus, prolonged inflammation is emerging as a serious threat to the global population and socioeconomic sustainability. Advancements in effective anti-inflammatory therapies have been significantly evolving, but challenges persist (Netea et al., 2017). Hence, scientists globally or in global alliance, with varied scientific perspectives, are actively working on finding out pharmacological interventions against inflammation associated pathogenesis and diseases. A major part of the research is also focused on scientific advancements of evolving therapeutic strategies by identifying the central signaling molecules or cascades involved in the onset and progression of chronic inflammation. This special edition Research Topic Global Excellence in Inflammation Pharmacology aims in emphasizing on the recent progress made in these fields, highlighting the diversified research performed across the entire breadth of Inflammation Pharmacology and providing insights to it. This Research Topic comprises of four extensive literature reviews discussing the potential pharmacological interventions and their allied risk in inflammation associated diseases

Mangiferin Ameliorates Cisplatin Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Upregulating Nrf-2 via the Activation of PI3K and Exhibits Synergistic Anticancer Activity With Cisplatin

Occurrence of oxidative stress is the principal cause of acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. Mangiferin, a naturally occurring antioxidant molecule, is found to ameliorate several oxidative stress mediated pathophysiological conditions including cancer. Cisplatin induced cytotoxicity was measured in NKE cells by MTT assay and microscopic analysis. Induction of oxidative stress and regulation of proapoptotic molecules were subsequently investigated by using different spectrophotometric analyses, FACS and immunocytochemistry. Induction of nephrotoxicity was determined by analyzing different serum biomarkers and histological parameters in vivo using swiss albino mice. Activation of NF-κB mediated pro-inflammatory and caspase dependent signaling cascades were investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Mangiferin was found to ameliorate cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in vitro and in vivo by attenuating the induction of oxidative stress and upregulating Nrf-2 mediated pro-survival signaling cascades via the activation of PI3K. Additionally, mangiferin showed synergistic anticancer activity with cisplatin in cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and SKRC-45) and EAC cell induced solid tumor bearing experimental mice. The ameliorative effect of mangiferin is primarily attributed to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It acts differentially in normal tissue cells and tumor cells by modulating different cell survival regulatory signaling molecules. For the first time, the study reveals a mechanistic basis of mangiferin action against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. Since Mangiferin shows synergistic anticancer activity with cisplatin, it can be considered as a promising drug candidate, to be used in combination with cisplatin

High monocytic MDSC signature predicts multi-drug resistance and cancer relapse in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients treated with R-CHOP

IntroductionNon-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) is a heterogeneous lymphoproliferative malignancy with B cell origin. Combinatorial treatment of rituximab, cyclophsphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin, oncovin, prednisone (R-CHOP) is the standard treatment regimen for NHL, yielding a complete remission (CR) rate of 40-50%. Unfortunately, considerable patients undergo relapse after CR or initial treatment, resulting in poor clinical implications. Patient’s response to chemotherapy varies widely from static disease to cancer recurrence and later is primarily associated with the development of multi-drug resistance (MDR). The immunosuppressive cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) have become a crucial target for improving the therapy efficacy. However, a better understanding of their involvement is needed for distinctive response of NHL patients after receiving chemotherapy to design more effective front-line treatment algorithms based on reliable predictive biomarkers.MethodsPeripheral blood from 61 CD20+ NHL patients before and after chemotherapy was utilized for immunophenotyping by flow-cytometry at different phases of treatment. In-vivo and in-vitro doxorubicin (Dox) resistance models were developed with murine Dalton’s lymphoma and Jurkat/Raji cell-lines respectively and impact of responsible immune cells on generation of drug resistance was studied by RT-PCR, flow-cytometry and colorimetric assays. Gene silencing, ChIP and western blot were performed to explore the involved signaling pathways.ResultsWe observed a strong positive correlation between elevated level of CD33+CD11b+CD14+CD15- monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSC) and MDR in NHL relapse cohorts. We executed the role of M-MDSCs in fostering drug resistance phenomenon in doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells in both in-vitro, in-vivo models. Moreover, in-vitro supplementation of MDSCs in murine and human lymphoma culture augments early expression of MDR phenotypes than culture without MDSCs, correlated well with in-vitro drug efflux and tumor progression. We found that MDSC secreted cytokines IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β are the dominant factors elevating MDR expression in cancer cells, neutralization of MDSC secreted IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β reversed the MDR trait. Moreover, we identified MDSC secreted IL-6/IL-10/IL-1β induced STAT1/STAT3/NF-κβ signaling axis as a targeted cascade to promote early drug resistance in cancer cells.ConclusionOur data suggests that screening patients for high titre of M-MDSCs might be considered as a new potential biomarker and treatment modality in overcoming chemo-resistance in NHL patients

Non-Toxic Indium Selenide Quantum Dots as Photosensitizers and Cu2ZnSnS2Se2 Counter Electrode for Solar Cells

6 Abstract Quantum Dots Sensitized Solar Cells (QDSCs), are one of the most promising third generation solar cell s , where quantum dots are used as light harvester s due to their unique characteristics such as adjustable band gap, plausibility of multiple exciton generation, high absorption coefficient and low cost. Over the past few years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of QDSCs has shown a meteoric enhancement from less than 1% to above 12 %. The photovoltaic performance of QDSCs is how ever limited by charge recombination at the electrode/electrolyte interface. QDSCs of lead and cad mium chalcogens are widely used; these well - known quantum dots are toxic pollutant s for the environment and human being s . So the goal of this work was to find a non - toxic or less toxic, stable photosensitizer. Indium selenide ( In 2 Se 3 ) satisfied these qualities , it has a band gap of 1.87 eV with a max value of 660 nm. In 2 Se 3 is a n - type semiconductor. An approach involving the use of visible light absorbing material In 2 Se 3 quantum dots (QDs) as photosensitizer s, coupled with highly electrocatalytic Cu 2 ZnSnSe 2 S 2 (CZTSeS) as counter electrode (CE) and with a poly (2 - hydroxy ethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) gel as the solar cell electrolyte , resulted in a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) , which is presented in this work . T he application of TiO 2 /In 2 Se 3 to a QDSC has been done for the first time. The s tructural characterizations based on SEM analysis, X - Ray Diffraction, optical characterizations such as flu orescence and absorption spectral analyses, lifetime decay as well as cyclic voltammetry, impedance studies and J - V characteristics have been executed . From J - V characteristics of TiO 2 /In 2 Se 3 /C - fabric - CZTSeS cell , the power conversion efficiency ( PCE ) of the champion cell is 4.15% whereas the PCE of TiO 2 /In 2 Se 3 /C - fabric - CZTSeS is 2.97% , which shows that CZTSeS enhances the cell efficiency up to 39.7%. These studies show the potential of In 2 Se 3 as photoabsorbers, CZTSSe as an effective CE and a PHEMA ge l as a good hole transport material for practical applications of QDSC

A study on post literature: 26/11 Mumbai attack

9/11 attack in the U.S. has procured worldwide heed towards it. The superpower nation was subjected to terror attacks and experienced the irreparable loss of innocent lives. The attack consequently ends up in an influx of literary works later it is entitled to be 9/11 Literature. Similarly, in India, the 2008 Mumbai attack (also known as the 26/11 attack) shattered the lives of the people. The entire nation collapsed out of the terror attack. The bomb blast and the shootout took place in nine renowned locations in Mumbai and devoured the lives of 174 people. Gradually literary works emerged to portray the cruelty of the 2008 Mumbai attack. The paper intends to list out the works of the different genres on the 26/11 attack. The focus falls on the analysis and the review of the post literature on the 26/11 attack. Further, the paper spotlights the effects of such works on society

Affinity towards dolls in Helen Oyeyemi's Gingerbread: A transitional object

In Helen Oyeyemi's latest novel Gingerbread (2019), an object signifies transformation in adult life from a specific angle. The paper studies the transformational Object and its relation to the subject, primarily an ego transformation. Object-seeking, in the case of Perdita, a seventeen-year-old isolated girl, one of three generations of women in the novel, is the cause for the experience of an object transforming the subject's internal and external world. Linking the Object with the subject is the source of transformation. To expand the phenomenon, the unique analytic relationship with the Object is identified with the ego's state, discussed by Christopher Bolla's in his book The Shadow of the Object: Psychoanalysis of the unthought known. (2018